基于大数据分析下的气候模型     

张宸豪  冯曦  冯卫兵  刘涛  丁坤 《海洋科学》2020,44(10):1-11

为研究全球变暖与极寒天气间的关系，对加拿大13个省代表性测站10年的观测数据进行时空变化趋势分析，采用经验正交函数（EOF）寻找海洋表面温度历史数据的变化规律。另外利用BP神经网络建立了年平均温度、日降水量与地球吸热、散热、海表面温度、当地纬度间的关系，预测未来25年气候的变化，并建立了“极寒天气”与气候变化的关系模型。研究表明：高纬度地区温度、降水量普遍较低，同经度地区的温度差异较小且降水量变化不大；加拿大地区温度呈周期性变化，符合北半球的季节变化特征；北大西洋的东部与其他海洋的温度是反相关的，西太平洋南北回归线附近的海洋表面温度升高；“极寒天气”出现频率与气候变化有一定关系，局地极寒现象与全球变暖的大趋势并不矛盾。本研究为人们认识和理解“全球变暖”提供了一个新的思路。  相似文献   

Detection and mapping of bracken fern weeds using multispectral remotely sensed data: a review of progress and challenges     

Trylee Nyasha Matongera  Onisimo Mutanga  Timothy Dube  Romano Trent Lottering 《国际地球制图》2018,33(3):209-224

Bracken fern is one of the major invasive plants distributed all over the world currently threatening socio-economic and ecological systems due to its ability to swiftly colonize landscapes. The study aimed at reviewing the progress and challenges in detecting and mapping of bracken fern weeds using different remote sensing techniques. Evidence from literature have revealed that traditional methods such as field surveys and modelling have been insufficient in detecting and mapping the spatial distribution of bracken fern at a regional scale. The applications of medium spatial resolution sensors have been constrained by their limited spatial, spectral and radiometric capabilities in detecting and mapping bracken fern. On the other hand, the availability of most of these data-sets free of charge, large swath width and their high temporal resolution have significantly improved remote sensing of bracken fern. The use of commercial satellite data with high resolution have also proven useful in providing fine spectral and spatial resolution capabilities that are primarily essential to offer precise and reliable data on the spatial distribution of invasive species. However, the application of these data-sets is largely restricted to smaller areas, due to high costs and huge data volumes. Studies on bracken fern classification have extensively adopted traditional classification methods such as supervised maximum likelihood classifier. In studies where traditional methods performed poorly, the combination of soft classifiers such as super resolution analysis and traditional methods of classification have shown an improvement in bracken fern classification. Finally, since high spatial resolution sensors are expensive to acquire and have small swath width, the current study recommends that future research can also consider investigating the utility of the freely available recently launched sensors with a global footprint that has the potential to provide invaluable information for repeated measurement of invasive species over time and space.  相似文献   

利用“L-R”剖分及三角形聚合的近似等面积菱形格网建模     

苑争一  赵学胜  赵静 《测绘通报》2018,(1):107-111

球面菱形格网因其几何结构简单、方向一致、径向对称等特性,在空间操作和数据集成方面有着广泛的应用。本文基于“纬线环法”构建了球面四元三角剖分模型,分析了该方法带来的格网单元面积变形及其位置分布,发现该模型的三角单元面积变形具有“锯齿状”分布特征,即相邻的上下两个格网单元总是一大一小交替分布,而且变形方向一致。据此通过合并上下两个相邻三角形格网单元,构建了一种近似等面积的菱形剖分模型。结果表明,相比较于其他球面菱形格网生成方法,该方法计算简单、格网单元方向一致（长轴沿南北向分布）;同时,格网单元的面积变形更小、分布更加均匀。  相似文献   

Observational Subseasonal Variability of the PM_2.5 Concentration in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area during the January 2021 Sudden Stratospheric Warming     

Qian LU  Jian RAO  Chunhua SHI  Dong GUO  Ji WANG  Zhuoqi LIANG  Tian WANG 《大气科学进展》2022,39(10):1623-1636

It is still not well understood if subseasonal variability of the local PM_2.5 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region is affected by the stratospheric state. Using PM_2.5 observations and the ERA5 reanalysis, the evolution of the air quality in BTH during the January 2021 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) is explored. The subseasonal variability of the PM_2.5 concentration after the SSW onset is evidently enhanced. Stratospheric circumpolar easterly anomalies lasted for 53 days during the January–February 2021 SSW with two evident stratospheric pulses arriving at the ground. During the tropospheric wave weakening period and the intermittent period of dormant stratospheric pulses, the East Asian winter monsoon weakened, anomalous temperature inversion developed in the lower troposphere, anomalous surface southerlies prevailed, atmospheric moisture increased, and the boundary layer top height lowered, all of which favor the accumulation of pollutant particulates, leading to two periods of pollution processes in the BTH region. In the phase of strengthened East Asian winter monsoon around the very beginning of the SSW and another two periods when stratospheric pulses had reached the near surface, opposite-signed circulation patterns and meteorological conditions were observed, which helped to dilute and diffuse air pollutants in the BTH region. As a result, the air quality was excellent during the two periods when the stratospheric pulse had reached the near surface. The increased subseasonal variation of the regional pollutant particulates after the SSW onset highlights the important role of the stratosphere in the regional environment and provides implications for the environmental prediction.  相似文献   

Future Changes in Extreme High Temperature over China at 1.5℃-5℃ Global Warming Based on CMIP6 Simulations   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Guwei ZHANG  Gang ZENG  Xiaoye YANG  Zhihong JIANG 《大气科学进展》2021,38(2):253-267

Extreme high temperature(EHT)events are among the most impact-related consequences related to climate change,especially for China,a nation with a large population that is vulnerable to the climate warming.Based on the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6),this study assesses future EHT changes across China at five specific global warming thresholds(1.5℃-5℃).The results indicate that global mean temperature will increase by 1.5℃/2℃ before 2030/2050 relative to pre-industrial levels(1861-1900)under three future scenarios(SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,and SSP5-8.5),and warming will occur faster under SSP5-8.5 compared to SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5.Under SSP5-8.5,global warming will eventually exceed 5℃ by 2100,while under SSP1-2.6,it will stabilize around 2℃ after 2050.In China,most of the areas where warming exceeds global average levels will be located in Tibet and northern China(Northwest China,North China and Northeast China),covering 50%-70%of the country.Furthermore,about 0.19-0.44 billion people(accounting for 16%-41%of the national population)will experience warming above the global average.Compared to present-day(1995-2014),the warmest day(TXx)will increase most notably in northern China,while the number of warm days(TX90p)and warm spell duration indicator(WSDI)will increase most profoundly in southern China.For example,relative to the present-day,TXx will increase by 1℃-5℃ in northern China,and TX90p(WSDI)will increase by 25-150(10-80)days in southern China at 1.5℃-5℃ global warming.Compared to 2℃-5℃,limiting global warming to 1.5℃ will help avoid about 36%-87%of the EHT increases in China.  相似文献   

From China’s Heavy Precipitation in 2020 to a “Glocal” Hydrometeorological Solution for Flood Risk Prediction     

Huan WU  Xiaomeng LI  Guy J.-P.SCHUMANN  Lorenzo ALFIERI  Yun CHEN  Hui XU  Zhifang WU  Hong LU  Yamin HU  Qiang ZHU  Zhijun HUANG  Weitian CHEN  Ying HU 《大气科学进展》2021,38(1):1-7

The prolonged mei-yu/baiu system with anomalous precipitation in the year 2020 has swollen many rivers and lakes,caused flash flooding,urban flooding and landslides,and consistently wreaked havoc across large swathes of China,particularly in the Yangtze River basin.Significant precipitation and flooding anomalies have already been seen in magnitude and extension so far this year,which have been exerting much higher pressure on emergency responses in flood control and mitigation than in other years,even though a rainy season with multiple ongoing serious flood events in different provinces is not that uncommon in China.Instead of delving into the causes of the uniqueness of this year’s extreme precipitation-flooding situation,which certainly warrants in-depth exploration,in this article we provide a short view toward a more general hydrometeorological solution to this annual nationwide problem.A“glocal”(global to local)hydrometeorological solution for floods(GHS-F)is considered to be critical for better preparedness,mitigation,and management of different types of significant precipitation-caused flooding,which happen extensively almost every year in many countries such as China,India and the United States.Such a GHS-F model is necessary from both scientific and operational perspectives,with the strength in providing spatially consistent flood definitions and spatially distributed flood risk classification considering the heterogeneity in vulnerability and resilience across the entire domain.Priorities in the development of such a GHS-F are suggested,emphasizing the user’s requirements and needs according to practical experiences with various flood response agencies.  相似文献   

协调大集合模拟下全球海表面温度对北极对流层早冬增暖的影响          下载免费PDF全文

Lutao Wang  Yongqi Gao  Dong Guo  Tao Wang  Ying Zhang  Wei Hua 《大气和海洋科学快报》2021,14(1):57-62

本文使用六个不同的最新大气模式进行了协调数值集合实验,评估和量化了全球海表面温度(SST)对1982-2014年冬季早期北极变暖的影响.本研究设计了两组实验:在第一组(EXP1)中,将OISSTv2逐日变化的海冰密集度和SST数据作为下边界强迫场;在第二组(EXP2)中,将逐日变化的SST数据替换为逐日气候态.结果表明:(1)EXP1的多模式集合总体平均值显示0.4℃/10年的近地表(约850 hPa)升温趋势,为再分析数据结果中升温趋势的80％.(2)在这六个模式中,模拟的变暖趋势均很强,幅度为0.36-0.50℃/10年.(3)全球海表温度可以解释北极对流层中低层EXP1的大部分模拟的变暖趋势,占再分析数据结果的58％.(4)再分析数据结果中,北极上空的对流层上层变暖(约200 hPa)不是由强迫信号而可能是由自然气候变率引起的.本文还探索了影响北极初冬变暖的可能源区,并讨论了该研究的局限性.  相似文献   

“一带一路”沿线国家的自主贡献中水资源相关适应措施评估     

于飞  崔惠娟  葛全胜 《气候变化研究进展》2022,18(1):70-80

“一带一路”沿线地区气候灾害类型多样,分布广泛,其中水资源短缺和洪涝灾害频发等水资源问题是“一带一路”沿线国家的主要气候风险之一。文中对“一带一路”沿线国家提交的国家自主贡献（NDC）中提出的水资源相关适应措施进行了分析评估。结果表明,气候变化及水资源相关风险已经受到了“一带一路”沿线国家的普遍关注,大部分国家都或多或少提出了针对性的适应措施,如优化水资源管理、提高水资源利用效率、强化监测预警、增加基础建设等。然而目前还存在一些不足之处,包括：以中东欧国家为主的部分“一带一路”沿线国家NDCs中缺乏适应相关的内容;西亚/中东和中亚地区对于风险关注的范围不够全面,缺乏对未来潜在洪水风险的评估和预案;在中亚、南亚和中东等水争端问题突出的地区缺乏合适的国际合作机制;大部分国家缺少对水环境的关注。为提高“一带一路”沿线国家气候适应能力,构建完善的气候适应体系,建议完善国家自主贡献报告、建立国际合作机制,增加对气候变化研究的关注和投入,保障“一带一路”建设绿色可持续发展。  相似文献   

模式内部变率引起的1.5℃和2℃升温阈值出现时间模拟的不确定性研究     

季涤非  刘利  李立娟  孙超  于馨竹  李锐喆  张诚  王斌 《气候变化研究进展》2019,15(4):343-351

模式内部变率是模拟结果不确定性的重要来源,然而它对于1.5℃和2℃升温阈值出现时间不确定性的影响尚不清楚。因此,基于耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(CMIP5)的多模式数据研究了模式内部变率对1.5℃和2℃升温阈值出现时间不确定性的影响以及对未来排放情景的敏感性。结果表明,模式内部变率对升温阈值出现时间模拟的影响与外强迫的影响相当,单个模式内部不同成员达到全球平均1.5℃或2℃增温的年份相差2~12年;其影响具有明显的空间差异,影响极大值出现在欧亚大陆以北洋面、白令海峡周围区域、北美东北部及其与格陵兰岛之间的海域、南半球高纬地区等;低排放情景下模式内部变率的影响大于高排放情景。  相似文献   

2012年1月、2016年1月东亚两次极端严寒事件及其与北极增暖的可能联系          下载免费PDF全文

武炳义 《大气科学学报》2019,42(1):14-27

自20世纪80年代后期以来,我国频繁出现暖冬,直到2004年以后这种状况出现明显的变化,冷冬出现的频次明显增多了。在全球增暖、北极海冰减少明显的背景下,冬季极端严寒的强度非但没有减弱反而似乎还在增强,造成灾害性的影响也越发引人关注。在上述背景下,2012年1月、2016年1月在东亚发生了两次极端严寒事件。本文的目的就是通过合成和相关分析,研究这两次极端严寒事件演变的主要特征,及其与北极增暖的可能联系。这两次极端严寒事件的环流演变截然不同。对于2012年1月的极端严寒事件,海平面气压异常主要呈现由东向西传播,在演变过程中,阿留申区域海平面气压超前西伯利亚高压,因此大气环流的下游效应起主要作用。对于2016年1月的极端严寒事件,冷空气主要由西北向东南传播。两次极端事件的主要降温区域的移动路径截然不同。2012年1月冷空气爆发以后主要在亚洲大陆中、高纬度维持并向西传播,其南传影响亚洲低纬度区域明显弱于2016年的冷事件。而2016年1月的主要降温区以沿东亚向南移动为主,强降温区直接南下至热带区域。两次极端严寒事件爆发前期大气环流演变的共同点:中、高纬度区域环流能量交换活跃,表现为中纬度高度脊加强北伸,从而把较低纬度的暖空气输送至北极区域,高纬度区域对流层中层呈现多极结构。这种多极空间结构是亚洲冷空气向南爆发的重要前兆信号。冬季北极阶段性增暖过程首先是中纬度高度脊加强北伸的结果。对影响东亚的极端严寒过程,乌拉尔附近区域的高压脊以及位于北美西部的高压脊加强北上、协同演变是至关重要的。2016年1月东亚极端严寒过程与2015年12月末北极快速增暖没有必然联系。  相似文献